Integration of Hydrothermal Carbonisation and Anaerobic Digestion for the Energy Valorisation of Grass

The integration of hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) and anaerobic digestion (AD) can overcome some the disadvantages thermal or biological processing alone. This study aims to investigate integrated HTC-AD across a range strategies HTC temperatures (150 °C, 200 °C 250 °C) improve energy conversion efficiency (ECE) grass, compared AD separation hydrochars (HCs) for combustion process waters (PWs) appears be most energetically feasible strategy, HC HTC-slurry AD. Hydrochars represent greater carrier with between 81–85% total output. ECE grass was improved from 51% 97% °C), 83% (200 68% (250 through HTC-AD. Therefore, lower yield more favourable energetics. However, higher favour desirable properties as fuel. hydrochar produced at (HC-250) displayed highest HHV (25.8 MJ/kg) fixed carbon: volatile matter ratio (0.47), well greatest reduction in slagging fouling potential (ash flow temperature > 1550 °C). Overall, is an effective valorisation strategy grass. A compromise exists quality energetic balance. remains (EROI = 2.63).